A B S T R A C T Temperature is one of the climate elements that has fluctuated a lot over time. When these fluctuations increase and decrease more than normal and are placed in the upper and lower regions of the statistical distribution, if continued, it can lead to the creation of heating and cooling waves. The purpose of this study is to analyze the Temporal and spatial changes in heating and cooling waves in Iran during a period of 50 years. For this purpose, the temperature of 663 synoptic stations from 1962 to 2004 was obtained from the Esfazari database. Then, in order to complete this database, the daily temperature from 2004 to 2011 was obtained from the Meteorological Organization of the country and added to the aforementioned database. In order to perform calculations and draw maps, Matlab, grads and Surfer software have been used. The results of this study showed that the index of cooling waves and heating waves, while having a direct effect on each other, had an increasing trend in most of the area of Iran. The statistical distribution of the index of cooling waves is more heterogeneous than that of the index of heating waves. So that the spatial variation coefficient for cold waves is 84.22%. Also, the index of cooling waves has more spatial variability. The highest common diffraction of the index of heating and cooling waves has been seen in the northwest, east and along the Zagros mountains. Analysis of the indexes trends show that heat waves have intensified in 65.8% of Iran and the intensity of cold waves has decreased in 48.5% of Iran Extended Abstract Introduction Temperature is one of the major climatic variables, which it has a direct impact on different aspects of human life. It plays an essential role in the growth of crops and is considered a key driver of the biological system(Reicosky et al, 1988). It is associated with several types of extremes, for example, heat and cold waves which caused human societies maximum damage. Past occurrences of heat waves hitherto had significant impacts on several aspects of society. Have increased Mortality and morbidity. Ecosystems can be affected, as well as increased pressure on infrastructures that support society, such as water, transportation, and energy(Dewce, 2016). The long-term change of extreme temperatures has a key role in climatic change. The form of statistical distribution and the variability of mean values and also extreme event indicate a change in the region. It can be a small relative change in the mean as a result of a large change in the probability of extreme occurrence. Also, the variation in temperature data variance is significantly more important than the mean, for assessing the extreme occurrence of climate(Toreti and Desiato, 2008). The average surface temperature has increased the world between 0.56 and 0.92 ° C over the past 100 years(IPCC, 2007). Meanwhile, it was in the Middle East, the average daily temperature increased by 0.4-0.5 ° C in decades(Kostopoulou et al, 2014; Tanarhte et al, 2012). Considering that not many studies have been done in the field of spatio-Temporal Variations of the heating and cooling waves thresholds in Iran, in this study, the spatio-Temporal Variations of the heating and cooling waves thresholds in Iran during 50 years were examined and analyzed.   Methodology The daily temperature from the beginning of the year 21/03/1967 to 19/05/2005 was obtained from the Esfazari database prepared by Dr. Masoudian at the University of Isfahan. In order to increase the time resolution of the mentioned database, the daily temperature of observations from 05/21/2005 to 05/12/2012 has been added to the mentioned database using the same method, and the exact spatial resolution (15 x 15 km) is used as a database. Threshold indices of heating waves are the average numbers between the 95th and 99th percentiles, that is, the extreme hot threshold to the limit of excessively extreme hot. For extreme cool, from the 5th percentile down to zero is used. Of course, a condition was added to these thresholds, which is that these thresholds must be repeated two days in a row. These thresholds were extracted for each day in the 50 years of the study period and used as the original database. In order to analyze the relationship between cooling and heating waves, Pearson's correlation coefficient was used and regression was used to analyze the trend.   Results and discussion The average of cold waves was 5.26 ° C and for the heat waves is 30.20° C. Generally, if the temperature is upper or lower than this threshold, it is considered as hot or cold temperatures. A comparison of the median, mode, and average of cold waves with heat waves shows that the distribution is more heterogeneous for cold waves and its CV is 84.22%. In southern Iran, the average threshold heat waves are higher. This situation can be caused by the effects of subtropical high-pressure radiation, low latitude, and proximity to the sea. Though the threshold is higher in these areas, fewer fluctuations and changes are seen in the area. Heights moderate the temperature so they pose a minimum threshold for heat waves i.e. an iso-threshold of 25 ° C is consistent along the Zagros mountain chains, but in the west and east of Zagros Mountains, the threshold of heat waves is increased. Heat waves have increased in most areas of the country. So nearly 85 percent of the Iran has been an increasing trend, of which 65.8 percent is statistically significant at the 95% confidence level. Still, more areas of the country (60 percent) have a trend between 0.00828 and 0.00161. As can be seen, only 15% of the land area (including the southwest and northwest of the Country) had decreased heat waves. Cold waves, in most parts of the country, have a Positive Trend. However, about 25 percent of the study area's cold waves have a negative trend. they are located in areas higher than Latitude 30°. The largest decline of the wave's trend along the country is highlands. Nowadays, most of the country, has a trend between 0.01494 and 0.00828 ° C, respectively. Conclusion Common changes and effects of heat and cold waves had a direct relationship in many parts of the country. It is remarkable common variance in the East reached 55 percent, according to statistical significance. In some areas of the northwest and southwest, which have been impressive heights, the common variance is 40 percent. This common variance in mountains area has been high values. Investigation of heat waves trend shows that 65.8% of Iran significant positive trend and 7.1% significant negative trend. Also, the cold waves trend has indicated a 48.5% significant positive trend and a 10.8% significant negative trend. Climate change and global warming have changed the frequency and severity of temperature extremes. The present study, by examining the number of warm waves, concluded that the warm waves have increased in magnitude in 65.8% of the Iran zone. Also, the study of the cold waves trend showed that 48.5 percent of Iran had a positive trend, which means that the amount of temperature in the cold waves increased In other words, the severity of the cold has been reduced And only 10.8 percent of Iran had a negative cold wave trend And it shows the intensity of these waves is reduced.   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution The authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approthe contenttent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.   Conflict of Interest The authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments  We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

The facial nerve is one of the most important cranial nerve and its injury will result in significant functional and somatic morbidity in patient, leading to a grave psychotic and somatic complication. By accomplishing 22 classic superficial prostatectomy on cadavers in Tehran legal medicine center, facial nerve trunk was exposed. We report the position of facial nerve in relation to retromandibuler vein and buccal branch in relation to parotid duct.

Among the hadith sciences, Fiqh al-Hadith (Comprehending Hadith) ranks a high position. Accordingly, hadith scholars strived to understand hadith in a methodical way by applying the rules of understanding. On the other, it has been always affected by some problems. “Generalization” or conveying a hadith concept on a determined person, group, time and place to other people, groups, times and places is a problem that sometimes threatens the main purpose of the speaker’s statement. This article seeks to introduce ways of distinguishing the ungeneralizable hadith propositions from generalizable ones. It also will examine the causes of generalizability. Considering the cause of issuing hadiths, the Infallibles’ emphases, the ineffectiveness of behavior in another time, the lack of examples in today’s conditions, the Prophet and the Imam as speakers, and the addressee of hadiths, one can distinguish between generalizable and ungeneralizable hadith propositions.

This article presents a new feature extraction technique based on the Temporal tracking of clusters in spectro-Temporal features space. In the proposed method, auditory cortical outputs were clustered. The attributes of speech clusters were extracted as secondary features. However, the shape and position of speech clusters change during the time. The clusters Temporally tracked and Temporal tracking parameters were considered in secondary features. The new architecture was proposed for phoneme classification by a combining classifier using both tracked and energy-based features. Clustered based spectro-Temporal features vectors were used for the classification of several subsets of TIMIT database phonemes. The results show that the phoneme classification rate was improved Using tracked spectro-Temporal features. The results were improved to 78. 9% on voiced plosives classification which was relatively 3. 3% higher than the results of non-tracked spectro-Temporal feature vectors. The results on other subsets of phonemes showed good improvement in classification rate too.

Background and Aim: Many aspects and features of auditory system can be improved by musical training. This study aimed to investigate the effects of a stringed musical instrument playing course on Temporal resolution and Temporal fine structure (TFS) processing. Methods: This analytical cross-sectional study was conducted on 44 normal-hearing adults aged 20–, 40 years divided to two groups. The first group included 22 stringed musical instruments players (13 males) with at least three years of experience, and the second group were 22 non-players (13 males). The random gap detection test (RGDT) was used to measure Temporal resolution aspect of hearing. For TFS processing, latest version of Temporal fine structure-adaptive frequency (TFS-AF) test was used. Results: The TFS-AF results showed no statistically significant difference between groups in different interaural phase differences (IPDs). The RGDT results showed significant differences between groups at 500, 1000 and 2000 Hz, but not at 4000 Hz. Spearman correlation test results showed no statistically significant correlation between the results of TFS-AF and RGDT. Conclusion: Musical training has no effect on TFS processing but considerably enhances gap detection ability. Their underlying mechanisms for TFS processing and gap detection are different.

Background and Aim: Auditory Temporal resolution skill is calculated according to the minimum required time to analyze or integrate acoustic events. This skill, which is essential for speech perception, was evaluated by gap detection tests. The aim of this study was to determine the presence or absence of any differences between the right and left ear in the gap detection test.Method: After performing auditory tests to rule out any hearing loss or auditory processing disorders, the gap detection test was administered to 40 adults.Results: Gap detection thresholds were 5.35 ms and 5.30 ms in the right and left ear, respectively, and the average correct answers percentages were 69.03% and 68.03% in the right and left ear, respectively. According to these data, results were similar for both ears.Conclusion: There is no laterality in Temporal resolution tasks. However, we cannot generalize the results of the present study as being applicable to the whole society.

Time and space are main parts of any phenomena in the real world. In spatial Information Systems (GIS) modeling processes are the first step in analyzing phenomena. Therefore including Temporal aspects as well as spatial capabilities in GIS is necessary. One of the most important requirements in spatio-Temporal modeling of phenomena in GIS is the ability to investigate their spatial and Temporal topological relationships. In this paper we first explain different aspects of time as well as space and then propose a novel approach to extract a full list of Temporal and also spatio-Temporal topological relationships. Time as a distinct part of any phenomena can be considered to be zero or one dimensional. A zero dimensional Temporal space is referred to a phenomena with start and end time occurrence in one chronon which is named event. A one dimensional Temporal space is referred to a phenomena with a duration of existence and is named state. Accordingly, different spatial dimensions are point, line, area and volume. The proposed approach in this paper extracts all the possible relationships between different Temporal aspects. The approach is based on a Boolean comparison matrix with two rows and four columns. Each cell of the matrix is a comparison between start and end of one Temporal phenomena and start and end of the other which results true or false. This matrix leads to 28=256 relations which all of them are not logically acceptable. Therefore we explain how to find unacceptable relations. Removing these relations we find 13 relations between two Temporal states, 6 relations between a Temporal state and a Temporal event and finally 3 relations between two Temporal events. Furthermore, in order to conflate spatial and Temporal topological relationships two strategies are proposed. In the first one, we used logical AND and OR operators and in the second strategy we consider the time to be an orthogonal dimension added to 2D spatial space. Each of these strategies leads to a comprehensive list of spatio-Temporal relationships. Finally in order to illustrate the applicability of the extracted relationships, we implement them in a land information management system. The system is used to response spatial, Temporal and spatio-Temporal queries regarding historical situation of any parcels. As an example for spatial topological queries, the system is able to find parcels which are overlap with newly designed green space. Similarly the system can for example find land parcels which their duration of existence has same start point in time. This is a "start" Temporal topological relationships. Regarding spatio-Temporal relationship, the system can for example find land parcels which are coincide with a land parcel and are also neighbor to it.